reactive nitrogen species การใช้

• Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are produced in the nutrient-limiting environment of phagolysosomes.
• Reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) and reactive nitrogen species ( RNS ) participate in pathological tissue damage.
• Reactive nitrogen species are also continuously produced in plants as by-products of aerobic metabolism or in response to stress.
• Reactive nitrogen species act together with reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) to damage cells, causing "'nitrosative stress " '.
• "' Nitrotyrosine "'is a product of tyrosine nitration mediated by reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite anion and nitrogen dioxide.
• It is detected in large number of pathological conditions and is considered a marker of NO-dependent, reactive nitrogen species-induced nitrative stress.
• Reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite that xanthine oxidase can form, have been found to react with DNA, proteins, and cells, causing cellular damage or even toxicity.
• There has been some evidence to suggest that free radicals and some reactive nitrogen species trigger and increase cell death mechanisms within the body such as apoptosis and in extreme cases necrosis.
• This indicates that intracellular exposure of " M . tuberculosis " to reactive oxygen and / or reactive nitrogen species results in the formation of DSBs that are repaired by HR or NHEJ.
• For example, the production of reactive nitrogen species by MDSCs within the TME induces nitration of CCL2 ( N-CCL2 ), which traps T cells in the stroma of colon and prostate cancers.
• Another reaction catalyzed by xanthine oxidase is the decomposition of S-Nitrosothiols ( RSNO ), a reactive nitrogen species, to nitric oxide ( NO ), which reacts with a superoxide anion to form peroxynitrite under aerobic conditions.
• Twelve studies ( summarized in Bernstein et al . ) indicate that the bile acids deoxycholic acid ( DCA ) and / or lithocholic acid ( LCA ) induce production of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species and / or reactive nitrogen species in human or animal colon cells.
• Although it is short-lived in the presence of sunlight, NO 3 plays an active role in the chemistry of other reactive nitrogen species such as NO 2 and di-nitrogen pentoxide ( N 2 O 5 ) and, thus, indirectly in ozone chemistry.
• Indirect evidence via monitoring biomarkers such as reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species production, antioxidant defense indicates oxidative damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, while cumulative oxidative stress with disrupted mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial damage are related with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases.